You could try putting your SSD into the 2012 MBP, and see if it will boot and run that way.
It might.
If it does, put the back cover on and just keep using it.
IF there are problems, take the SSD out, and get an enclosure for it, like this:
SABRENT 2.5 Inch SATA to USB 3.0 Tool Free Clear External Hard Drive Enclosure [Optimized for SSD, Supports UASP SATA III] (EC-OCUB)
www.amazon.com
Now it's easy to connect and access from another Mac.
Something else to be aware of:
The 2012 unibody MacBook Pro's are notorious for having failures of the thin ribbon cable that connects the drive to the motherboard. Typical symptoms are very slow drive access or a refusal to boot and run properly (due to broken connections and interruption of communication between the drive and the motherboard).
Don't despair, the replacement part is cheap and easy to install.
Go to ifixit.com to see what's involved and get the part number.
You can either order it from them or from elsewhere online.
This may or may NOT affect you.
Again, just something to be aware of.