Quartz is the PDF-based graphics system that runs Mac OS X. In Jaguar Quartz was replaced by Quartz Extreme. The big difference besides updated and more streamlined code is that Quartz Extreme put the graphics rendering off to the graphics card rather than have it depend upon the CPU. While this is great for newer systems, it meant that Jaguar had high graphics cards requirements alienating some older system owners.
edit: %@^&# I got beaten to the punch!
"Curse my metal body! I wasn't fast enough!" - C3PO