Not without third party software. The easiest way would be not with your iPhone, but Time Machine. You should really be using it! This can’t be stressed enough! Your HD could drop out unexpectedly any time, and just like that, all your stuff’s gone. Almost happened to me once. I, like many people, never actually thought it was gonna happen to me. And with Time Machine being so incredibly easy and HDs being so cheap, there’s no excuse not to!
Sorry, that was my Time Machine rant.
Short answer: not without third party software, but yes with third party software. The good programs can recover your playlists, ratings, etc. but I don’t know if there are any of those available for free.