I have a brand new series 11 paired to my iPhone 15 Pro and I think I'm seeing the same issue. Some of the stock apps are missing (eg Calculator, and yes, the app is on my phone and works), and I am getting repeated (perhaps 10 so far today) prompts to approve the Weather widget to use location data. When I go to the App Store on the iPhone and search for Calculator the Open button is greyed out and it says Needs iPhone. Earlier today the shortcuts app was missing from the watch but when I looked later it had appeared.
Anyone got any ideas please? Should I reset the watch and do it all again? Bit of a PITA if so as I'm away from home currently.