I have a 5.1 Mac Pro (Mid 2010) with two 4TB drives and one 8 TB drive in addition to a 500 GB SSD. I am still on High Sierra. They all work fine. Whatever your problem is, it's not due to a limitation of that particular model of Mac Pro. There was an issue with some 4TB HGST hard disks. Some of them wouldn't boot upon restart. You had to do a hard shutdown and then startup to mount them, after which they would function normally. However, this doesn't sound like your issue. There have been some discussion threads on this issue in the past.
If Apple's Disk Utility recognizes the disk, perhaps use that to format it and see what happens. Alternatively, perhaps someone more knowledgeable than me will post a better solution.