That's the front of your iMac pictured, and it appears that the paint/coating on the bezel is flaking off. I personally have never experienced that with any of my iMacs. Obviously that's purely aesthetic, though, and if this is an older iMac, I'd probably just live with it. As for what caused it? Possibly exposure to some sort of chemical or extreme temperature or humidity? Possibly caused by physical contact with some sort of abrasive surface? Possibly a factory defect in how the paint/coating was applied? Who knows.
As for cleaning the inside of the iMac, that does require a (partial) tear-down. Do at your own risk:
The iMac is Apple's line of all-in-one desktop computers.
www.ifixit.com
(find your specific iMac model and follow the display replacement guide to remove the display)