What are the differences between the current iMac cpu and Penryns that are available in other computers? Does it have the same cache and stuff like that?
Generally similar, but due to a higher thermal and power envelope ... the iMac is squeezing out a bit more performance on the bus.
Something that can be done with other machines using the same chipsets, but generally not really beneficial for the portables unless you don't care about battery life and noise -- the AIOs likely should be match Apple on the specs their notebook-based desktops.