Unfortunately not anymore. Samsung used to make point and shoot cameras that ran Android (and thus could do all the fancy processing but with a good sized sensor and lens).
Right now your best bet is probably either a mid-grade point and shoot or an entry level DSLR/mirrorless camera in the ~$500-1000 range to get close to an iPhone for photo quality. But without processing the files, the straight out of camera images will often still underperform an iPhone! That said a lot of prosumer cameras have a good selection of "scene" modes like HDR, fireworks, landscape, sports, etc. that will help out.