Working in infosec, for companies who have *TRIED* to breach the iPhone, there are no known viruses/hacks that aren't either:
1. Require extraordinary effort on the part of the user - jailbreaking-style - that would be blatantly obvious to you as they would do things like require you connect to a computer every time you reboot your phone to make it work again.
or
2. Performed using yet-undisclosed vulnerabilities - something that is basically never done against random individuals; but almost always by nation-state level actors, against specifically-targeted individuals. (Russian state intelligence service attempting to hack a specific Western reporter, for example; or US CIA attempting to hack a foreign target.)
It is near-certain that your phone was not compromised, hacked, or infected with a virus.
However, there are many scam websites, some that even show up far-earlier-than-they-should in search results, that pretend to be legit websites, and may redirect you to fake scam websites and trigger "a website you shouldn't have accessed" alerts by corporate IT defenses. But these are just websites - your history should show them; although they may show the name of the website they were pretending to be, rather than the actual name, depending on how sophisticated the scammer.
If the phone is a personally-owned device being used on the corporate network, your company should have installed "MDM" software (Mobile Device Management) to allow them to be sure your device is safe on their network, and would be able to prove in their own logs what you visited. You would need to insist on seeing those logs (if they attempt actual disciplinary action against you) to explain what they're seeing.