Also, I have 2 iPod Classics that are doing exactly the same thing - so it seems like it is somehow related to the iTunes software or settings or something rather than the iPods themselves?
That sounds reasonable.
I've seen reports of audiobooks which didn't originate from the iTunes store failing to sync, but you said yours came from the store.
I don't have any great ideas, but here are a few things to check:
With one of the audiobooks that fails to sync, if you right click it in iTunes and select Get Info, does everything look ok? Is the media kind "audiobook?"
In iTunes on macOS, you can right-click a song or podcast (and I assume audiobook) and select Show in Finder to see the actual media file on disk. For you it may say Show in Windows Explorer, or words to that effect. If you do that for an audiobook that failed to sync, is it found? Do the permissions look ok for the file?
With an iPod connected, can you drag and drop one of the audiobooks that failed to sync to the iPod? Does it sync ok in that case?
With an iPod connected, look in the Summary section, where you can change various Options (like Enable disk use). Is there an option that says
Sync only checked songs and videos? If so, and it's checked, try un-checking it.
I have no audiobooks, but maybe this weekend I can scare one or two up to see if I can think of anything else.