I could see this potentially working with a M1 mini board and breakouts for the aforementioned display and inputs.
You would undoubtedly need to manufacture your own adapter for the keyboard and track(ball/pad), and potentially the display-- though you may get lucky and find a driver board for it depending on your model, the chances of that are very slim.
But that's for just the laptop. If you want USB-C out for your Duo Dock, you'll need to, at the bare minimum, have a Thunderbolt port come out the back where the PDS slot would be. You may even want to put both back there, and then have a male cable (or two) wired in to the Dock where the Duo goes. From there, you can install your Thunderbolt dock of choice inside your Duo Dock; and, pending any wiring adjustments, you should be off to the races.
I'm not sure if a MacBook Air/Pro board would fit in the Duo's chassis; I think those boards are wider than the Duos themselves (any of them), which is why if you (or anyone) plan on actually doing this going with a mini would be the best choice.