I could be wrong on this (and I welcome correction from others more in-the-know), but...
I'm thinking that EVERY major upgrade with the new Mac OS's on Apple Silicon meets the definition of "clean install".
(by "major upgrade", I mean going up a "full OS release", such as from Ventura to Sonoma)
Seems to me that (with a full OS upgrade), the "sealed system volume" is going to be completely removed and replaced with the new system.
That's why to do an upgrade like this requires A LOT of "free space" on the internal drive (to provide "working space" to "assemble" the new SSV before it is "moved into place" on its own protected partition/container.
So, if you're going from, say, Ventura to Sonoma, you get the same "results" whether you "upgrade in place", or use a bootable USB flashdrive, etc., etc.
Again, I could be wrong and I welcome correction
whenever i do a ‘full erase and reinstall’ of macOS from a bootable usb, even though disk utility shows the full 256GB HDD space available, nevertheless there’s still a portion of about 5+ GB of space spoken for.
i’m assuming this is what you’re referring to.
whether i’m using a usb containing monterey, ventura or sonoma, the allotted 5+ GB is still there.
ergo, ipso facto, that’s the 'sealed system volume' and i assume:
1. it is a constant irrespective of the macOS version being installed.
or
2. it is replaced to protect the OS version being installed (which is why it takes longer than merely performing the task by using system preferences option for erase and internet for macOS.)
so i guess (with point 2) i’m backing up - no pun intended - your thesis
I'm not in any way an expert, but this is my basic understanding:
The 5+GB is in fact other, even more hidden volumes or data of some sort.
Here is what I see, when I select "View all volumes" in DU:
I couldn't be bothered to set my system to english for you, so here's a little lesson in norwegian:
Beholder = Container
Øyeblikksbilde = Snapshot
Ikke aktivert = Not activated
There are actually five volumes.
The Signed System Volume is always around 10GB these days. My installed apps, user data, even kernel/system extentions, everything I can see on my MAX disk is on the "MAX - Data" volume.
VM - I don't know, but must be something Virtual Memory.
Preboot - I think it's safe to say that this is what's known as Recovery. A smaller bootable volume for recovery and repair.
1 not activated - Don't know.
This is what constitutes a system volume group, and it's created when you install macOS. After a fresh install, the "- Data" volume will have no users created, and the setup manager will ask you to create a new user, or import user data from a backup or clone. So, when you use the "erase contents and settings" in systemsettings, it basically erases the Data volume, and you're left with a untouched system. The kind of thing you would do before you sell or give it away.
I think it's pretty slick, actually.
(Correction; the "MAX" volume + the "MAX - Data" volume is the volume group. And you can actually see things that are on the system volume, apps like Finder or Preview f.ex, but you can't manipulate or delete them because they're on the read-only volume. So, what I see on my computer as MAX, is in fact a combination of the two volumes.)
Btw, Max is my grandson's name. He's two and a half.