Not sure this will help your problem, but I note from your screenshot you're running BootROM version MP51.887.0085.B00 (it's a bit hard to see as it's almost obscured behind one of your red highlighting rectangles). Upgrading to 144.0.0.0 is probably a good idea, though doing so will require a Metal GPU. Note that you don't need to install Mojave to update the BootROM; you just need to run the Mojave installer and then quit it after updating the BootROM. See the first post in this thread:
For MacPro5,1 BootROM upgrades, please read the first post of the thread below to know how to do the firmware upgrade: https://forums.macrumors.com/threads/mp5-1-what-you-have-to-do-to-upgrade-to-mojave-bootrom-upgrade-instructions-thread.2142418/ For MP4,1 to MP5,1 cross firmware flashing...
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I suspect your issue is because you were running Home, which does not support more than 1 physical CPU, and then Windows did not properly detect things when you upgraded to Pro. A possible "solution" would be to do a clean install of Windows 10 Pro and then I suspect your problem will disappear. This might be a royal pain in the neck if you have a lot of things already installed and configured in Windows.
Device Manager is displaying the correct CPU info, so I don't expect this to do anything, but try right-clicking each CPU in Device Manager, then selecting Uninstall (yes, all 24 of them). Then immediately reboot the system and see if anything changes.
If that does not help, I'm curious what you see when you run msconfig and if the system is being artificially limited to fewer cores. Can you follow the instructions from this page under "Changing Core Settings in Windows 10" and report back as to what is showing in msconfig?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K8zA6C4T-JM The evolution of Central Processing Units, or CPUs, is a fascinating and complex topic to study. From the
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