Because the Radeon RX 580 is not Apple-flashed (doesn't have the "proper" firmware), so you will not see a boot screen. To access the boot menu, etc., you'll need to stick in the original GPU.
And also, an RX 580 is not necessary to run High Sierra. You can run that in the stock configuration. Unless you NEED the RX 580 for something (gaming, video editing, etc.), but it is not necessary to boot HS.