I don't know conclusively, but I'd say no. The reason an NVMe drive isn't viable as a macOS boot option is that the Mac Pro EFI can't initialise it at boot, as it can't speak to the NVMe drive.
There are NVMe drivers floating around can enable the drive to work, but only after booting is complete. This is because the 3rd-party drivers are only loaded later in the boot process.
Presumably, similar to the project to boot from a PCIe USB3 adapter, drivers could theoretically be loaded Hackintosh-style in an initial bootloader pre-macOS, but I don't know anyone who's tested this. Also I guess this could allow for lower-level ZFS support (a la
O3X), but again, this hasn't been documented here to the best of my knowledge.
However, I'm running Windows 10 on a MacPro5,1 on an AHCI SM951 just fine, albeit after some hurdles.