Did you install any 3rd-party software on your SSD? You might want to try running in safe mode. I did not see any kernel extensions in your kernel panic report so I didn't suggest that earlier. If you don't want to put the SSD back in the computer just for the test, you can put the SSD in a USB enclosure and boot from there (connect the USB enclosure with the SSD to the computer, press the option key and a list of bootable disks will appear).
https://support.apple.com/en-us/ht201262
One other thing to try is to disconnect all other devices (except the USB drive if you boot from that), disconnect your Ethernet cable if you use that or turn off WiFi if you use that and see if your problem persists.
If none of these work and because your system works with the HDD (as you mentioned in post #11) but not the SSD and you tried replacing the cable, then a likely candidate is the SSD. The kernel panic report says you have a Samsung 750 Evo (250GB). If you bought it from an authorized Samsung retailer, you should be able to get it replaced under warranty.
The problems you are having should not happen with a properly functioning 2012 MBP with High Sierra (APFS) with a SSD.
[doublepost=1530034586][/doublepost]I just remembered something else you can test. I recently had a problem where I transferred an OS to a new SSD. It booted but had problems starting certain apps. When I was doing the transfer, the drive got disconnected message box appeared but both the source and destination drives (both USB) were mounted so I had hoped that the transfer was OK but obviously it wasn't. When I ran a program that syncs two disks, it worked fine so something happened during the initial transfer.
So it's possible that because of a slightly defective HDD cable that some files were not copied correctly to the SSD. You can try installing High Sierra over your current High Sierra installation on the SSD and it should replace the files. You would need to put the SSD in an USB enclosure to do this as it appears you have returned the replacement HDD cable.