You have auto login enabled and I think there's a program causing the Finder not to launch.
Solution, hold the Shift key when you startup, it will safe boot, see if it gets you into your User account, then go to Users & Groups, click on Login Options and on the right side you'll see Automatic Login, set it to off.
Be aware, you should know your password, next time you restart it will show the login window.
Now, restart and login, did this work, if you still have problems restart again, then login but right after you login hold the Shift key, this will disable all Login Items.
Go back to the Users & Groups and go to login Items, look what is there, make a screenshot so you know what is there, then remove all programs, logout and in again.
Did this work?