IF you can get yourself booted again, I suggest this course of action:
Instead of trying to install "from the Mac's internal drive itself", create and boot from an USB flash drive version of the installer, and try the install that way.
Here's what you need:
1. A USB flashdrive 8gb or 16gb
2. A copy of the installer app (you already have that, it's probably in your "applications" folder)
3. The FREE little utility "Boot Buddy":
Boot Buddy – sqwarq
What to do:
a. Open Boot Buddy and create the flash drive installer -- takes a few clicks of the mouse (it will take a while to prepare the flash drive)
b. Power down the Mac, connect the flashdrive
c. Boot to the flashdrive (press power on and IMMEDIATELY hold down the option key and KEEP HOLDING IT DOWN until the startup manager appears. Then select the flashdrive and hit return)
d. It should open to the installer app.
e. Try the install that way to see if it goes better.
My guess is... that it might.