In order for the pictures that you take with your iPhone to appear in the Photo Stream on your iPad and Macbook Pro, the iPhone first have to be connected to wifi in order for the phone to upload the pictures to photo stream, after that they should appear on your other devices when they're connected to wifi.
There is no need for the devices to be turned on (except the device you're taking the picture with
) and connected to wifi when the photos are being taken.