I created a second user account and after that Calendar did start.
Which means the problem is in your account.
Next I removed info.plist from /users/calendars. The icon jumps now only one time, but Calendar did not open.
I removed the entire map from /./calendars, but it did not resolve my problem.
I really don't know what to do else.
You've lost me here. I know of no "info.plist" and there is no /users/calendars unless you have a user called calendars. And "/./calendars" makes no sense unless you are saying you deleted ~/Library/Calendars which is pretty drastic as that will delete all your calendar entries.
It looks like the plist files are ~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.iCal.*
They still use the old name before the application name was changed. The command:
rm ~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.iCal.*
will get rid of them all. Getting rid of plist files is relatively safe since they are regenerated if missing and you will just lose any preferences you have set.