I have same problem. I can see no standard way - without third party apps - of syncing Notes from Outlook to iOS devices and vice versa.
I see all my Notes were imported into the cloud when I installed iCloud, but new Notes entered on the iOS devices and imac seem to be syncing nicely , but nothing appears in Outlook.
I found that using the old cable method with iTunes method did something, but also confused things too as a note i entered in Outlook did appear on the iOS devices, but one of the notes on the iOS devices duplicated itself!!
I think Apple have somework here to complete. Probably we can use the cable method, but I hope it doesn't generate too much duplication and confusion.