The higher the sample rate, the more responsive the trackpad. Since frequency is the inverse of time (cycles per second) and speed is measured in distance per unit time, the higher the sampling frequency, the shorter the distance that can be measured. Likewise, acceleration is distance per unit time per unit time, and once again the ability to measure acceleration is also a function of sampling frequency.
Here is a thought experiment:
Imagine that the trackpad was sampled once per year. You could dance and sing and run your finger all over the trackpad for a full year, and nothing will happen, until exactly one year was up, and then, the location of your finger on the trackpad would be recorded.
Imagine that your trackpad was sampled once every 60 seconds (.167 Hz). You could move your finger all over the trackpad for 59 seconds, and none of your finger movements would cause your mouse pointer to change location.
Now... imagine a 1Hz rate. Your finger movements are captured once every second. A quick movement of your finger across the trackpad would not be captured.
I think you get the picture by now. Higher sampling rates result in greater sensitivity to motion, and an increased ability to measure acceleration. Sampling rate matters because the higher the sampling rate, the more natural the mouse movement.
Joe