The graphic you refer to caught my interest so I went to the website (
https://landartgenerator.org/index.html) to learn more about how this was created.
The website has a page with a variety of other .pdf graphics, which do open correctly on the iPhone, see this page:
However the specific graphic you have selected is not included on that page for some reason. It is described on this page, which is where you obtained the link to the .pdf itself:
What does a 100% renewable energy world look like? The latest information graphic from the Land Art Generator Initiative takes a deep dive into the land use impacts of a world powered only by renewable energy.
landartgenerator.org
I am guessing that the difference here may be at least in part due to the resolution and ultimate size of the image. The link above states that "in the
full-resolution PDF version you can zoom in on every city". I'm not sure I can actually get that to work on my computer, when I try to zoom to that level of detail it doesn't seem to actually get to that fine resolution. But the file itself is probably different than the other .pdf files on the website, in how it is built up to contain all of the embedded data, and that is probably why it is not working on an iPhone. It is not a 'normal' .pdf, I think.
By the way, that is a terrific website. I appreciate your bringing attention to it.