Yes it's easy to do, but your diagram is wrong. The MacBook plugs into the monitor, not into the adaptor. All you need is a monitor with a USB hub, doesn't matter if it's normal USB or USB-C.
I have a 2015 Dell 27" monitor with 5 USB sockets on it. I have plugged into it: a webcam, an external HDD, a USB ethernet adaptor, and other bits and pieces.
From my (2015) MacBook to the monitor, I have the monitor cable, and a separate USB cable. That gives me access to everything plugged into the monitor, including the Ethernet adaptor. I also have a separate power lead for the MacBook.
The advantage of USBC is that it can carry USB & picture & power all in one, so with the right monitor the MacBook only needs a single cable connected to get power & picture & USB. Not all monitors can do this though, and it tends to be expensive, especially monitors that can deliver enough power through USBC to charge the MacBook.