I got passed down a Late 2013 i7 2.3 GHz DG Retina MBP from my uncle.
I was wondering when I will stop getting updates on this machine?
Will I get MacOS 10.15, 10.16 etc and when will it stop getting vital security updates?
You appears to have a Retina with Haswell CPU/GPU and PCIe-based flash storage.
Apple supports the current release and the two previous releases which are, as of late 2018:
Mojave (10.14)
High Sierra (10.13)
Sierra (10.12)
You are supported by all of these releases and in late 2019 the supported releases will be:
New release (10.15)
Mojave (10.14)
High Sierra (10.13)
In late 2020 the supported release will be:
New release (10.16)
Previous release (10.15)
Mojave (10.14)
My understanding is the 2011 MBPs dropped from Mojave because of the GPU not being supported by Metal.
This the situation I'm in, where my late 2011 MBP with Sandy Bridge CPU/GPU is unsupported under Mojave, so my security updates are likely to run out in late 2020.
Hardware support that could get dropped from future releases.
Ivy Bridge CPU/GPU - introduced in 2012
Notebooks with magnetic disk drives
Notebooks with non-Retina display
Haswell CPU/GPU
Broadwell CPU/GPU
The 2012 non-Retina 13-inch with Ivy Bridge CPU/GPU was discontinued in late 2016 and I suspect this could be the next to drop out of support. This might mean no support in macOS 10.15 with security updates ending in late 2021. But this is the earliest estimate.
No one can say for sure, but I think it's a little early to drop support for Haswell and Broadwell CPU/GPU models. The 2015 15-inch Retina MBP continued to be sold as new as late as 2018 and that was Haswell with PCIe-based flash storage.
Update: macOS Catalina (10.15) will continue to support the 2012 MBP with Ivy Bridge CPU.
https://www.macrumors.com/2019/06/03/macos-catalina-compatibility/
This means security updates should continue in late 2019, late 2020 and late 2021. The earliest date for security updates ending would be late 2022, perhaps even later for the Haswell and Broadwell CPU/GPU models.