Update 2:Update:
I managed to borrow a 61W adapter from a 2020 M1 MacBook Pro. Using this adapter with the same MagSafe cable to charge, the amber light appears alongside a power chime, then the light turns off, and then the light reappears solid amber without any following power chime or changes to the light after that, and I'm assuming it continues to charge stably thereafter. The sudden change from amber to off to amber is a bit strange, but I would say that's normal, especially rather than changing endlessly, with the power chime activating each time as well. Can anyone confirm this (in bold) as normal behaviour for those who have their charging working properly now?
Given this information, I am assuming that the problem is unfortunately the adapter, at least for my issue. Regardless, I will get another cable just in case, and wait 3-4 weeks for a new adapter!
I will update again after getting a new cable.
Hopefully this information is helpful.
As expected, after receiving a new MagSafe cable, the problem persists. This leads me to believe that the adapter is the issue, confirming my suspicions.
A new 140W adapter I ordered won't be arriving for another 3-4 weeks. Hope to hear from more of you again soon. I'll update on my situation personally in a month or so.
Keep in touch.