Just to clarify, it's not just PostScript fonts. Sonoma completely dropped the ability to render/process PostScript on the host (i.e. in the Mac). For ~ 20 years, MacOS had the uncommon but pleasent capability to do that. So Preview could preview PostScript files (up through I think some version of Monterey). Ventura dropped another piece (I forgot which) and Sonoma dropped all the remaining bits. As an example prior to Sonoma there used to be a utility called pstopdf that could take in PostScript files and convert them to PDF for printing on non-PostScript printers. Anything that was designed around that utility existing (or the print system having that capability or the capability existing in the system in general) will no longer work. A Postscript interpreter is no longer included in macOS and it is not coming back.
What I can't say is whether the HP print drivers and/or Adobe Acrobat depended on that capability or there's some other issue with Acrobat->macOS->HP drivers that is causing the PostScript not to reach the printer unharmed.
However, giving Apple/Adobe/HP more time to sort this out amongst themselves is probably the best use of your time. If you still run into the same problems next time you try this then hopefully the above provides some context to work through it with them.
