Hey, hey, at least a partial success.
Nonetheless, that's not normal and I think it indicates that the real problem is somewhere else. You can reboot while pressing D. That will launch
Apple Diagnostics for checking your system.
As the drive is fast as an external USB device and slow on the internal bus, my blind guess is that the hard drive cable is defective. Another indicator for that is that you mentioned many bad blocks on your former drive. To replace the cable take a look at this
guide on iFixit.
EDIT: Apple Diagnostics won't tell you about a defective hard drive cable, but if it doesn't report anything else, that's another hint on the cable.