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The enclosure had a 6TB drive without issues. The issue is not related to the size of the drive.
I'm posting the list view of the terminal even though I went through all that but a pair of second eyes does not hurt.
Ok, so there's a some difference between 6 TB and 10 TB drives that make the former work ok but not the latter in your enclosure.

With the 10 TB drive in your current enclosure, you have a max disk size of 2^32-1 blocks (512 bytes each) (0xFFFF.FFFF = 4294967295 is the max 32 bit number).

Might be interesting to see what the 6 TB drive looks like with diskutil info -all

I have a 5 TB (SATA III) drive in my Mac Pro 2008 (SATA II) which shows as 9767541168 blocks (512 bytes each). 0x2.4630.D9B0 is a 34 bit number.
6 TB = 0x2.BA7D.EF30 blocks (34 bits)
8 TB = 0x3.A352.9440 blocks (34 bits)
9 TB = 0x4.17BC.E6C8 blocks (35 bits)
10 TB = 0x4.8C3F.FFFC blocks (35 bits). Maybe there's a 34 bit limit in your enclosure?

You can't fix the drive with your current enclosure since it does not expose to the OS whatever thing is causing it to be 5 different disks.

Here's some enclosures that specifically mentions 10 TB support.
https://www.newegg.ca/wavlink-st337-enclosure/p/0VN-0069-00015
https://www.amazon.com/UGREEN-External-Enclosure-Housing-Adapter/dp/B076WQHK2G
Does that mean there's something special about 10 TB drives?

That second enclosure says the limit is 16 TB = 0x7.46A5.2880 blocks. That's near the limit of 35 bits for 512 byte blocks.
0x7.FFFF.FFFF = 17.59 TB = 15.9999999995 TiB.
 
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I bought a new case and hopefully that will be the end of it!
Once I receive it and test things out I'll let you know.
 
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Okey dok!
I just received the case and tried it out.
Yep this one reads the drive correctly. So there are no multiple partitions anymore!
Problem solved!!

The case I bought was the "Ugreen Hard Disk Box Black us222"

 
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I have an AKiTiO Thunder3 Duo Pro. It supports Thunderbolt 3, USB 3.0, two drives, 3.5" or 2.5", JBOD, SPAN, RAID 0, RAID 1. I just use it for separate drives. Being Thunderbolt 3, it is expensive, but I bring it up because the thing I like most about it is that it's all thumbscrews, so no screwdriver required.

It's one of the first Thunderbolt 3 devices to exist, so it's not compatible with macOS unless you use Thunderbolt3Unblocker or just use the USB 3.0 connection.
 
I have an AKiTiO Thunder3 Duo Pro. It supports Thunderbolt 3, USB 3.0, two drives, 3.5" or 2.5", JBOD, SPAN, RAID 0, RAID 1. I just use it for separate drives. Being Thunderbolt 3, it is expensive, but I bring it up because the thing I like most about it is that it's all thumbscrews, so no screwdriver required.

It's one of the first Thunderbolt 3 devices to exist, so it's not compatible with macOS unless you use Thunderbolt3Unblocker or just use the USB 3.0 connection.

Thanks for the suggestion.

Thankfully the case I'm using doesn't have screws as well. You just slide out the top and you're ready to go.
I'm using the case to backup my NAS so I need quick access to just swap out the drive inside.
 
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