We are talking Adobe Creative Suite work. Image work apps use lots of RAM, more than 16-24 GB. An M2 MBA with 24 GB RAM will not be optimal for CS but will likely work about as well or better than an older Intel box with 32 GB RAM, and will fly compared to the 2012 box, which is not appropriate for Creative Suite work. And like others have said, in 2024 it does not make sense to be buying old Intel silicon because the Mac OS moving forward is optimizing for Apple silicon (M-series chips).
Check out student pricing through the uni student store.
Your omitting that the RAM and even swap speeds are faster because of unified memory, and disks (which are NNME, which stands for non-volatile memory and if you don't know what that is, it means its persistent, even when you switch the computer off).
The unified bus architecture with everything on chip accounts for its performance in disk and memory heavy activities like photoshop...
On the other hand when if ever Apple will catch up to Cuda or Fire GL is the big unknown. M2 is good, but the video performance is pitiful even compared to sub $1000 3670 based mobile GPUs.
On the other hand if you want GPU performance you have to put up with sub-optimal battery life, heat issues, and chunkiness, that Apple did away with in 2008 with the Unibody MacBook. In that sense PC laptops are still 15 years behind the curve.
I have handled even $4000 north PC laptops of which all of them either had poor screens, casing, trackpads or all of the above, and even when you get a comparable OLED display, you tend to sacrifice all of the above.
Which really raises the pickle, that if you want to be able to run a render farm for audio or 3D editing, you have to build a desktop PC with an i9 CPU and bare the consequences.... Ruling out the same trashcan Mac because even if you install Windows or Linux, there are no internal GPU driver supports and sketchy EGPU comparability which would cost you at least $1000 on top to get any sort of decent performance...
Which leads to the middle road.... While not the fastest GPUs M1 Max, M2, and M3 performance is more than bearable and you have none of the poor design choices, except maybe the lack of expandability itself.