An attempt to clear things up here:
There's a regular GPS chip in the iPhone that determines position directly from the satellites without any cell coverage, just like a Garmin.
The iPhone also has an aGPS function that uses cell towers to assist the GPS chip and get the lock faster and more accurately. Without cell coverage, this enhancement won't work, but you can still get a position.
Airplane mode turns off all GPS functionality and there doesn't appear to be any way to just turn GPS back on. Would be nice for saving battery in no-coverage areas, and also for getting position on an airplane (even though this is technically against FAA regulations I believe). Oddly, you CAN turn Wifi back on in Airplane mode by turning the Wifi switch back on in settings, but this doesn't seem to work in location settings. Opportunity for a special jailbreak app here?
If you anticipate losing cell coverage somewhere and want maps, just preload them by opening maps while you still have coverage, zooming in to the level of detail you want, then scroll around until everything loads. You can also use 3rd party apps like MotionX-GPS, which allow you to set the cache size and type of map to load.