I don't use OS X. Doesn't Keychain Access prompt you for a password when you try to access it? If this is the case, then if someone's asking to use your computer, just enter it for them but don't give them the password itself. Are passwords that are stored in Keychain actually visible anywhere outside of Keychain Access?
In iOS, I believe it prompts for Touch ID or a passcode when you try to actually access that data in the Settings app, so you shouldn't be giving that away either.
It's not a security issue on Apple's end because it's ultimately the user willingly giving up their passcode or password. What is Apple supposed to do other than to tell people not to share their passcodes or passwords? They've already made a step towards eliminating passwords through Touch ID, but they can't force third party services to use fingerprint authentication everywhere.
And two-factor authentication IS relevant to this. If someone does try to steal someone's login info and then access that account elsewhere, two-factor auth would stop it (unless that person holds onto the device).
What is your alternative other than using a different password manager with a master password (or PIN code if the app, like 1Password, allows) that is different than your iCloud or OS X account password? Writing them all down somewhere? Storing it somewhere which essentially doesn't protect your data any differently either?
Unencrypted, no password protected Excel file FTW!!!