This sort of thing is very irritating but it makes me less likely to upgrade to new devices. Knowing that all my Apple devices need to be bought around the same time if I want them to work together means I’m more likely to just stick with the old devices as I can’t afford or justify buying all my idevices at once. There is absolutely no reasonable reason why iCloud tabs suddenly can’t sync to older operating systems after updating Safari or iOS on another device.
I fervently second you on this one. I didn't keep attention to iCloud syncing at all, till I bought iPhone SE 1 week ago which I upgraded to iOS 12 because iOS 11 was glitchy as hell. Now I run 3 OS X as evident from my signature, Mavericks included - my primary OS along with Lion - and although I enabled Safari in iCloud on Mavericks and on all of my devices I see nothing but the placeholder fill text. Trying to find a solution for another "broken" iCloud feature I came across this article https://support.apple.com/en-jo/HT204230 to confirm my supposition that they upped their minimal iCloud requirements and I was right: the table's row "iCloud tabs" now lists "macOS Sierra" and iOS 11 as a bare minimum for the feature to work. The article last updated on January 24, and this is highly annoying because several very robust and productive versions of OS X are overboard and even Notes requires El Capitan (those who own OS-unsupported Macs, I salute you!). Normally as soon as a OS introduced some iCloud integrated feature it used to be maintained as a minimal requirement, like iCloud Mail, Notes, Safari, documents for Lion etc. Not anymore: syncing Notes between newer iOS and Mavericks and Lion not possible, likewise FaceTime doesn't work with Lion and Mountain Lion - you have to run Mavericks but it's not clear how much time will pass before they make it obsolete for FaceTime too. The newer features are the sooner Apple will to drop the OS they were first baked into.
I also suspect that this iCloud tabs integration is being maintained for as long as OS gets security updates. As such, Mavericks was cut back in 2016, El Capitan in 2018 and Sierra's end is not far off- this year.
Using Apple is as frustrating as joyful and I'm not sure the latter will keep me on their side.
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