I just got back from the Apple Store in Munich regarding a different question, but related to your problem.
They told me to stick to the old file system when using Windows boot camp in HS to have the old style boot selector mode (ALT). Somehow the new AFS does not work well with boot camp. - For me, this means my really great Bootcamp / Apple Hybrid System days are counted and soon to be over. Mojave does not go this route, I will need to freeze up my Hybrid system on High Sierra permanently with my current Nvidia GPU configuration. -> We sit in the same boat.
This means for you, if you did install High Sierra with AFS, your booting/boot screen most likely does not work for you anymore.
I think you need to install HS with the old classic file system, this will give you back your boot screen capability.
Its the only problem that makes sense in your case. Do a fresh HS install with the old file system and see what happens.
The only reason why I did not experience this problem is that of my El Capitan master drive. I am always one or two OSX versions behind because of reliability risk issues and boot camp complexity. Unfortunately, I will have to upgrade eventually to HS myself.
https://malcont.net/2017/09/how-to-...sierra-without-filesystem-change-hfs-to-apfs/
I am sure there is a great macrumors forum info in the software section as well. I did not have time to read on this yet. Good luck and give a short feedback if the problem was solved.