When I say 'ATX' I refer to standardised motherboard sizes, as in there is no need for Apple to repeat what they did with the 6,1 and engineer solutions to problems that nobody has. HPTX is a standard size, albeit rarely used, that can accommodate dual Xeon CPUs and 12 DIMM slots for example.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATX
Next time, use Google before making snarky comments about people's intelligence. Stops you looking like a moron.
As the link specified ATX is a SPECIFIC form factor and a SPECIFIC configuration. The link you provided provides a web page that lists many many RELATED form factors BUT NOT ALL ATX. EATX tends to be a more popular form factor for off the shelf parts for XEON based processors (and yes it is related -- but again it is NOT ATX).
ATX form factor specifies where the holes are, what the size of it is, where there is a rather sizable hole in the back of the case is where hard wired ports are exposed and the surrounding area is filled in (usually) with a rather flimsy aluminum foil type filler.
Since ATX is the most popular of the PC form factors it is the heading of that page, but all the contents on that page are not specifically ATX form factors.
The Mac Pro 2008, 2010, 2012 is generally a superior design to any computer that is hacked together with standard parts that fit together with a ATX compatible case and an ATX motherboard. The case and the motherboard are designed to fit together and is as expandable than most PC computers based on ATX motherboards. ATX is just to make it simple to use off the shelf components specifically the enclosure itself but to some extent the power supply since it has to be a "standard size" and mounting screws. I have many good cases -- but none are as solid as the Mac Pro from bygone era.
Some of the standards that (not related to ATX, but firmware etc.) have now been incorporated into "standard" Build yourself computers that use Windows.
BTW, Intel has tried to gain traction with newer designs such as BTX to replace it's older standard of ATX -- which was based on AT (god I hope that was not the IBM AT that would be old
). BTX is what some elements of the original Mac Pro utilized (but is not BTX compliant). It was designed to "fix" some issues with the ATX design which were related to heat and high power components - since it has a more streamlined air flow path inside it.
But again the use of ATX or BTX form factors only comes into play when you have to make sure the enclosure, power supply and motherboard are interchangeable... something that is not top of the list of importances for Apple -- or most Apple customers. It is has nothing to do with important things like expandability with regards to PCIe 3/4 which is independent of motherboard design itself.
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Depends on what "modular" means, if its modular in the same way as the Lenovo Thinkpad stack:
Then there would be no external cable between modules and thus a simple PCI->PCI interface will suffice. If its modular as in distinct separate boxes that you don't need to stack then yes there will be an external cable, but no need for yet another interface for that
Actually, for some things that sort of design based on that type of modularity would make an interesting design.... but for it to be great it would need an operating system redesign.
i.e. the ability to stack together Processing / Memory modules (1..n), GPU modules..., specialized computing modules (i.e. Machine Learning) using an optical channel of some sort..... which would seamlessly work together using a clustering operating system .... You could end up with a computer that will work as a PC up to supercomputer level computing power if done correctly.... but then you are basically going in the direction of rack mounted computers with distributed processing and clustering computing power.... not an area I think Apple is interested in.