Update: I turned off FileVault now (did it in system -> security after being hesitant, not through another time machine recovery). I expected decryption to kick in and take many hours to complete, however, to my surprise it did not decrypt anything at all. Instead the security panel said right away that FileVault is now turned off. I also confirmed it through terminal, which now states “FileVault: No (encryption at rest)” for my boot volume. I guess this is because with the new Mac Pro the SSD is always encrypted by T2. FileVault only changes the boot mechanism and requires the password before booting into the encrypted MacOS partition.
And the result? It fixed my boot issues! No more prohibitory sign. So I know now that it’s definitely related to FileVault. Tomorrow I will try turning it back on and see if I get the boot issues again.
@patrick.a I strongly recommend you try turning off FileVault as well before bringing your machine to Apple. It’s not a proper fix, but once it’s pinned down to FileVault there might be an easy solution.
This is a good read regarding FileVault and T2:
Macs with a T2 chip always encrypt their drives. Why is FileVault necessary?rn
www.macworld.com