This is partly a design choice by Apple. Starting with Intel Macs equipped with a T2 security chip the storage controller was built into the T2 chip (and later directly into the M-series chips). The storage soldered to the logic board are raw flash storage chips that talk to the T2/Mn controller. By contrast an M.2 SSD or a SATA drive have their own controllers on the drive itself. Even in systems with modular storage like the Mac Pro and Mac Studio the storage modules themselves are just an assembly of raw flash storage chips without a controller. Swapping these out will cause the T2/Mn controller to not recognize the new storage. M-series chips take it a step further - if the internal SSD fails you can no longer boot from an external drive. (There are some tools that can force the T2 in a Mac Pro to recognize the new storage chips built into xCode but it’s difficult to use and not user friendly).I can understand the ram thing more as thats all on one chip. So there will be production issues that you would need to factor in for each cpu/memory configuration which could demand a premium in price.
But the HD is just an installation job. The core hardware is the same as any company is using. I dont get how they justify the cost of HD upgrades at all.
The only way it makes sense is that they are selling the entry level units at a loss and use the pricing of higher level models to make up for the loss. There seems no way that apple pricing on higher tier models is reflective of how much it cost to build the higher tier model.
Officially this is all in the name of security. The M-series locked down boot process requires a Signed System Volume on the main SSD that is cryptographically sealed by Apple and can’t be replicated on an external drive, making it harder for malware to hijack the boot sequence. This is also why Boot Camp with ARM versions of Linux or Windows are off the table unless Apple changes stance on the boot sequence. The fact that it makes upgrading the internal storage next to impossible is, of course, a happy coincidence for Apple.