Thanks for all the replies; I remain slightly confused but that's a pretty natural state for me so I'm rolling with it.
I still don't see where in Settings I would switch on or off the syncing of contacts to Google. I have my gmail account set up in Mail as my primary e-mail account. Does it happen automagically through that? It's not an Exchange account; it's just clicking the GMail logo when I first set up the phone and setting that up.
That's my primary point of confusion, and that seems really unclear to me. I don't necessarily want iCloud to sync with Google; I want to know if my phone is somehow by default syncing with both, even though the Settings don't specifically indicate such.
One other wrinkle, and maybe this will help someone, I dunno: my initial iCloud interaction was between my iPad on iOS 5 and iCloud. Prior to iOS 5, I had my iPad Contacts app syncing with my Google contacts. So when iCloud went to grab my contacts, I assume it just pulled in whatever was already in the Contacts app. That might be a fast way to pull all the Google contacts into iCloud if anyone so desires.
For what it's worth, I have had it synced with iCloud since I got my new phone. It pulled in those contacts from my iPad and I haven't really looked back. So at this point it's more curiosity than anything else. I find iCloud so far to be pretty seamless and cool, although again, I wish it was more specific on the device side about what you're syncing to, and when. I also haven't really ventured into untangling the mess I have with my various Calendars (Outlook for work, which was syncing to a Google calendar, which was syncing to my iPad calendar)...so that will be FUN.