The difference was, Jobs did try to increase marketshare, while still making great products.
Perfect examples of Old Apple:
- mac mini, originally $499, cheapest mac ever at that time.
- when announcing the aluminum iMac, Apple actually reduced the largest 24" model starting price, and replaced the 17" with a 20". So consumers will get more for less.
- iPod mini, and later iPod Shuffle, for $249 and $99 respectively. Watch Apple's keynote for those products, and it's clear Jobs was aiming for increased markethare. Every year, Apple increases the iPod storage and/or reduce price, so consumers will always get more for less.
- Keeping older iPhones, as is, to be the cheaper/entry level iPhone models. Not only this is good for Apple, this is good for consumers as well as they can enjoy the flagship iPhones for less 2 to 3 years later.
Compared those to the current Apple:
- Instead of trying to push the mac mini back to $499 price point, Apple made the Mac Studio instead for $2000.
- Instead of giving more at every refresh, Apple instead focuses huge margins on BTO upgrades.
I think your examples of "Old Apple" line up much closer with "current Apple" than you'd think. Specifically, when adjusted for inflation, the base Mac mini is about the same low price point it always was during the Jobs era, except the current base Mini has the CPU/GPU equivalent of the top-tier Mac minis of the past:
The one exception is the base model 2014 Mac mini which sold for $499, but also came with a very weak 1.4 GHz CPU.
Likewise, looking at the same chart for iMac models, you can see that for less than used to get the base-model 21.5" 4K iMac (or a little more than the 1080p 21.5" iMacs making up that lowest row of green), you now get an iMac with a retina 24" display and a CPU that handily outclasses that base model's i3 (and even its top-range i7). Adjusted for inflation, the 24" iMac of today sits a little under the price point of the mid-range 17" iMac from 2006:
Same deal for Apple laptops, which have become increasingly budget-friendly over the past two decades:
- Instead of letting the flagship iPhones go down in price year after year, Apple discontinue the Pro iPhones every year so consumers will never enjoy premium features like telephoto lens for less than $1000.
- And instead of letting the cheapest iPhone to be the flagship from 2 to 3 years ago, Apple intentionally made the SE with old design to segregate consumers from the haves and have nots. The same with the iPad.
To be fair, Old Apple (under Jobs) only sold one iPhone at one price point (apart from storage options). Apple still sells the 12 and 12 Mini at reduced cost like it used to, it just doesn't do the same for the Pro models (which is unfortunate but understandable, given how messy it'd make their already-bloated iPhone line for consumers).
Also, comparing the current SE to the old practice of just selling 2-year-old flagships, I think it's less about highlighting class distinctions between customers and more about finding a way to offer modern hardware at a low price point. Back before the SE, you'd be buying a 2-year-old device that would start to suffer with iOS updates sooner and only have 3-4 years of software updates left in it (e.g. my partner, who got a 5S from her carrier in 2016). With the SE, you're getting a flagship chip with a good 6-7 years of life in it for the same price, with the cost savings coming in the form of an older form factor. For people who don't update their phones that often (like me), that's a big benefit.