I'm certain it varies by field (and likely by institution), hence why I listed fields I can personally speak to (either from direct experience or close proximity). I will say that I have a friend who did an undergrad in fluid dynamics with a MacBook Pro for running simulations, and that the guy I collaborated with from the PyTroll satellite data processing project was also a Mac user (we had a shared Python dependency that had been abandoned by its original author), but they could very well be outliers.
Anything can be made to work well enough, but it devolves to this:
(1) are you trying to do the job on a Mac
or
(2) are you trying to do the job
Command line codes and Python scripts are pretty cross platform, so that would not be a problem.
You friend didn't likely "do an undergrad in fluid dynamics" specifically. That's not a specific degree, at least in the US. Undergrad level work like that tends to be model problems (as it should be, really - you're learning how the problems are solved). It'd be aerospace, mechanical, or possibly physics. Either way, it can be made to work, they just don't have the market presence they probably should have.
Apart from offering ECC and more RAM, what else can Apple do to encourage CAD and CAE applications to be ported to macOS? I mean, I have no experience with CAD (apart from some basic AutoCAD they taught us ages ago in High School), but my understanding from talking to others is that it's the software companies failing to provide drivers and not bothering to port their software (or doing a poor job of it) that are the main barriers to adoption, which is something Apple doesn't have much control over.
(1) Market to the industry
(2) support companies to port their products
(3) commit to supporting industry standards and not demand that everyone switch to their proprietary APIs.
All things Apple is unlikely to do, as they aren't interested in that market. The walls around the garden are going up. Some parts of that market can make things work within those limitations, but, personally, Linux is the better OS for much of this. It just lacks MS Office, but I'm rather willing to live with that to have access to all the other commercial tools... Midrange CAD, unfortunately, is a Windows domain, but high-end CAE and CAD is Windows/Linux.