At the risk of being mistaken for one who has been asleep (maybe I was), I did not realize that the FaceID failures with passcode entered added another image. If it were explained that way, people would probably "cooperate" with "educating" the phone and results would improve...
It was part of the demonstration when FaceID was introduced at the Apple event/presentation, but I think all anybody can remember is that FaceID failed on Craig Federighi at the start of the demo.
From https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT208108
"Face ID automatically adapts to changes in your appearance, such as wearing cosmetic makeup or growing facial hair. If there is a more significant change in your appearance, like shaving a full beard, Face ID confirms your identity by using your passcode before it updates your face data. Face ID is designed to work with hats, scarves, glasses, contact lenses, and many sunglasses."
That is still a bit vague, because "updates" could mean it replaces, but it's actually just adding more information to the FaceID library. The only time it does a full scan is during the initial setup, and after that I'm guessing it adds whatever image/depth data measurements (as measured by dot projector) fails when you enter your passcode. This article refers to a more detailed technical paper from apple that describes it as "if Face ID fails to recognize you, but the match quality is higher than a certain threshold and you immediately follow the failure by entering your passcode, Face ID takes another capture and augments its enrolled Face ID data with the newly calculated mathematical representation. This new Face ID data is discarded after a finite number of unlocks and if you stop matching against it. These augmentation processes allow Face ID to keep up with dramatic changes in your facial hair or makeup use, while minimizing false acceptance."
That article answers a question I've wondered about: My wife and I know each other's passcodes (we don't have landlines and need to be able to use each other's iphones in an emergency). I've wondered if she uses my iPhone, and enters the passcode enough times when FaceID fails, will FaceID start to recognize her? It doesn't sound like that will happen, because her face would not be enough of a match.
Quite frequently, especially just after the iPhone X was released, new X owners will get frustrated when FaceID doesn't work so they keep resetting FaceID and setting it up again as new. This is basically like starting the learning process over for FaceID. It's better to start with a quality setup in good light, and then let the machine learning do its thing.
I wore sunglasses yesterday for the first time since getting my iPhone X six weeks ago (it has been a particularly dark and wet winter in the Pacific NW). I was surprised that FaceID still recognized me. I figured I would need to enter my passcode a at least once or twice, like I did when it didn't recognize me without my regular glasses. I guess my sunglasses are a similar shape to my regular glasses, so maybe that helped. I have read that people had problems the first time they tried to use FaceID with sunglasses, but maybe they were not regular glasses wearers.
Last edited: