I wondering if that would conflict with the card that's already in there. Say that I put the GTX 1060 back in and installed the AMD drivers... would I really be able to then just pop the AMD card in later and have it work? I feel as though the AMD driver-installer would have to detect an AMD card.
Generally speaking, there are a lot of variables to consider given your circumstances. It could be a defect in your cards but it could also be something else. I have Windows 10 up and running so I'll tell you how I got it to work in my 4,1 -> 5,1.
When installing Windows 10 I used my stock GT 120 and a DVD of a bootable Windows 10 installer. I could not get it to install Windows 10 from a USB, or preloading the image in OSX.
I got the SSD ready via Boot Camp in OSX, inserted the DVD in the optical bay and shut down the cMP.
I powered on my cMP holding down "c" and the Windows 10 installation went smoothly from there.
Once Windows is installed you can boot back into OSX/macOS and install BootChamp. This allows you to restart into Windows if you don't have a boot screen. When you're finished installing Windows you can go ahead and install the latest AMD drivers and install your RX580 again and enjoy it in windows.
If you encounter any issues when installing. You can reset your PRAM on startup by holding down command⌘ + option⌥ + P + R until you hear the second beep. I remember doing this a couple of times during the Windows 10 installation as it would not boot back into OSX when the Windows 10 installer required a restart.
Good luck!
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