I am really curious how Apple will solve this technical design problem. Maybe I'm overthinking it, and Apple can just double the CPU and GPU cores and surpass current MBP16 CPU/dGPU performance?
The die size increase is probably not as big as you think. At least not at this scale based on the die shot from AnandTech: https://www.anandtech.com/show/16226/apple-silicon-m1-a14-deep-dive
Let’s say Apple goes 8P/4E/16GPU. That’s roughly 50% larger die by area. They could go up to 8P/4E/24GPU while keeping things less than double the area. Such a chip would still give reasonable yields.
From my perspective, it’s when trying to replace the Mac Pro that things get more difficult. Trying to beat both a 28-core Xeon, and a Vega II on a single die is going to be super demanding in terms of manufacturing yields compared to the M1. If demand for such parts is low enough, and people are willing to pay a lot for it, then it’s still possible to do it on a single die. But this is where I think you’ll start seeing more creative solutions from Apple as a way to manage die size (and the costs associated with them). But I’d be surprised if Apple breaks up the die on a hypothetical M1X.