Liber Usualis (1896).
As Monty Python said, and now for something completely different I am going to continue the series on breviaries. I previously discussed the
Monastic Diurnal,
Monastic Matins, the Eastern
Anthologion, and the Anglican
Book of Common Prayer of 1979.
This time the post will need many pictures (I will put some under the spoiler tag to avoid filling screens) and will include YouTube links because… we’re going to talk about music using a book of which my copy was printed in 1938.
Basic Facts
In the classical view, and in many movies, the image of a church or monastery is often accompanied by soft chanting; this chant is more likely than not a Gregorian chant. Gregorian music developed in the IX century and likely began its formalization under Pope Gregory I, not to be confused with Gregory XIII which in the XVI century gave us the current calendar.
Gregorian chants are traditionally sung without any accompaniment, however more modern versions include organ and piano, and in case of the pop band Gregorian, they even include electric guitar and synthesizers to reinterpret popular songs using Gregorian tones. Since I am not a musician, I will not discuss any of the technical features, however it’s impossible to ignore the importance that Gregorian chants - and their standardization - had on the history of music.
The Book
By the XIX century, liturgical functions became very complex. Between pontifical masses, daily divine office, octaves and such, the need for an encyclopedia of chant was needed. Some monks in France took action and developed the current form of the Liber Usualis, a 2000 page thick book meant to include all the fascinating music and tones that would be used at all sorts of events, from masses to funerals, from baptisms to psalm prayer.
The work is of massive proportions, meticulous in its explanations and in its functionality. It’s a sort of book editing miracle which became very popular and was widely used at monasteries around the world.
Here’s the cover and the first page of the Belgium 1938 print:
A look at its contents
A quick glance at the index will clarify immediately that this book contains virtually everything.
Of striking importance is the fact that the book
teaches the reader how to read Gregorian notation and how to sing it, breathing included. A couple pics in clear, a few more under spoiler tags.
The calendar. No respectable liturgical book would skip a good, complex calendar. Here’s the one in my edition which is the old pre-reform calendar.
Now, the reader/singer/celebrant would need to carefully check the calendar against the office of the day and select the proper chants and liturgy. Here’s the meat of the book, the actual music.
Notice the eight tones for the Hallelujah.
Another feat is the presence of lectionaries (basically, the various readings). Here’s a Holy Week not-so-short reading:
and here are some readings within the chant section.
There is much more to talk about this book but I probably annoyed everyone by now.
I’ll close the pictures section by giving you an idea of how thick this book is:
Now, to conclude in style… what does this work of love actually amounts to? Amazing chant. If you want to listen to the product of those pages, here a few examples taken directly from this book that you can follow along.
Here’s the Salve Regina, which to my inexperienced ears sounds very modern:
And here’s how two different tones affect the same chant, in this case Ave Regina in Simple tone and solemn tone:
-I love books.