Thank you guys for your suggested solutions. I've been searching for months now for a solution to this problem, today I finally fixed it, and this thread was the most helpful. I don't know what helped me but I will try to be helpful as much as possible because I got every error in this thread and I somehow managed to fix them with a combination of the solutions suggested in this thread.
1. I tried changing the date to an earlier one but it didn't work, so I changed it to yesterday's date. So make sure you set your date to yesterday's date if you want to follow what I did to fix this problem.
Change Date in macOS Catalina via Terminal
2. I erased the partition Macintosh HD. Following this article:
How to erase a disk for Mac. Then, I repaired it and verified it.
3. I tried the solution #40 and I thought it would work when I saw the screen has changed but I still got a Lion installation on recovery mode and got the message about missing data.
First I cleared the PRAM by booting up while holding [Command, Option, P, R] and let it reboot twice. Here's a link for this process:
Resetting your PRAM and SMC can alleviate all sorts of issues, including those related to charging and sluggishness. Here's how to do so.
www.digitaltrends.com
4. I created a bootable USB with High Sierra. This is the mother of all problems. First, I tried creating it on Windows with TransMac but the Macbook couldn't recognize the USB as bootable and I was forwarded to the Internet Recovery mode. Then tried to create it with Install Disk Creator on another Macbook but when I used it, I got the prohibitory sign after the Apple logo loading screen.
Only this way worked for me: You must have access to another Macbook or iMac, so borrow one and download the OS you are trying to install from App Store then quit and check if it's in the application folder. Go to Applications --> Utilities --> Disk Utilities and format your USB, then follow these instructions to create a bootable installer:
How to create a bootable installer for macOS
*This apparently only works with Installers for High Sierra or later if you have High Sierra or later on the device you are using to create the bootable USB, at least in my case, because I had Catalina and I got "OS is older than current one" when I tried to download an earlier OS than High Sierra, so if you want to install an earlier OS, I recommend using a device that has the OS you are trying to download or an older one, or looking for a ready-to-use bootable usb device.
5. Connect the USB to the device you want to install the OS on, restart it, then press and hold the option key until the option for your USB appears.