is there a combination of hues that color-blind people see better than color-normal people?
No, but you can get that effect by using certain patterns to fool one type of vision or the other.
Imagine that normal people can distinguish colors A and B and C, with A and B being close to each other in hue and C having a different hue. Imagine that color blind people can't distinguish B from C.
In a pattern of dots, people with normal vision will tend to see patterns made by the As and Bs, because they are related. But color blind people will tend to see the patterns made by Bs and Cs. To make one of these standard color blindness tests, you'd arrange for there to be some shape (like a big digit) made from As and Bs and a different shape made from Bs and Cs.
By leaving out one of the two patterns, you can in theory make a pattern that only normal visioned people will notice or only color blind people will notice. In practice, color blind people may see slight differences between B and C, so you have to mix in some other shades and colors too. It's also complicated by the fact that protanopes have a brightness deficiency with the longer wavelengths, so you have to tinker with brightness levels too.
For those who don't see red (like me), you might use A=pink, B=red, C=green or A=orange, B=pink, C=gray or A=orange, B=red, C=black.
For those who don't see green, I'm less sure what colors apply, but I'll guess they might be A=brown, B=beige, C=green.