No idea about at resolutions >4K, but for a resolution like 1440p, macOS's fonts look pretty crappy at native panel resolution as the font smoothing algorithm appears to expect to be able to do fine subpixel smoothly and simply can't at non-HiDPI resolutions. Ends up looking pretty bad. It's not scaled resolutions that do it, it's non-HiDPI resolutions. Scaled resolutions on a Hi-DPI display look fine, actually.I still don’t understand why text would be less crisp at a Displays native resolution than in hidpi. It’s too small to be usable but when zooming in in apps that support it, like a browser, I don’t believe there should be a difference.
I never heard of MacOS using different font rendering in scaled modes. If anything it gets less sharp due the the way Apple scales the UI when applying fractal scaling
Windows' non-HiDPI font smoothing is way better than macOS's now.
But, macOS wasn't always like this. It at one point had pretty good font smoothing, and even had some user-facing options to adjust the strength of the anti-aliasing. Once all of Apple's computers got a retina display (iMacs, MacBooks), they seemed to abandon the "normal" font smoothing for non-HiDPI displays. Not sure on which OS version they gave it up.
I don't have a better technical explanation than that.