The screenshots were taken on a Catalina-supported machine to show the relevant System Prefs settings locations.
I can take the same screenshots on the remaining affected machine if required but they add nothing and are in Japanese too!
It seems like the Romaji input setting is disabled in the patched Catalina—I think it is NOT related to the Legacy Video patch because one of the two affected machines is a MacPro 3,1 using a GTX680, so no Legacy Video patch. The other affected machine is the 2009 27" iMac 11,1, which I rolled back to Mojave and is now OK (and is using the Legacy Video patch).
I remember once I downloaded some OTA packages from a japanese site (using the translator), and the OTA package was higher in size about 500 MB more than a standard US package.
Maybe the japanese input from Catalina is starting to be rendered through Metal, I mean apple to make them more precise and fast in output, especially on Safari web pages, documents or any other stock Catalina app.
If the issue is related to non-Metal (Video Legacy Patch) then a similar issue might apply also to other world languages that use their non-ASCII (UTF-8) text.
I guess these languages in their input encoding use more bytes per character, so imagine to render 500 pages for a pdf ebook, it requires some GPU help to render correctly any character, especially if you pinch-zoom on the document.