A short test yielded the following numbers:
Setup:
System 1: MacPro5,1 ⇄ Chelsio T520-CR (slot 2) ⇄ Mikrotik S+RJ10
System 2: MacPro6,1 ⇄ ThunderTek/PX (Thunderbolt 1 enclosure with small fan) ⇄ Sonnet Solo10G PCIe
Both systems running High Sierra 10.13.6. Using a RAM disk on the MacPro5,1 to make sure there's enough IO bandwidth to the "disk". Connected by a Cat6 cable (no switch inbetween). MTU 1500 (no Jumbo frames).
Temperatures:
Ambient: 27°C
Chelsio adapter: heatsink up to 52°C
Sonnet adapter: heatsink up to 72°C
The MacPro has better airflow than the Thunderbolt enclosure. When mounted in the MacPro5,1, the Sonnet did only get up to 60°C.
Speed:
iPerf: 5-6 GBit/s
SMB: 500MB/s (default config; signing enabled)
That's good, but only about half of the theoretical speed. Not sure where the bottleneck is. Thunderbolt 1? Negotiated PCIe speed? One of the adapters? Drivers? MTU? CPU? Cable? Something else?
Still, it means that you can pop a Solo10G PCIe adapter into a MacPro5,1 and get 500MB/s out of the box (if the connected device supports it), and that's quite nice.